Volkswagen: The scandal explained

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that many VW cars being sold in America had a “defeat device” – or software- in diesel engines that could detect when they were being tested, changing the performance accordingly to improve results. More specifically, once on the road, the engines emitted nitrogen oxide pollutants up to 40 times above what is allowed in the US.

VW stated that they had found “irregularities” is tests to measure carbon dioxide emissions levels that could affect about 800,000 vehicles in Europe. VW will recall 8.5 million cars in Europe and 500,000 in US as a result of this scandal.

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Overview of Greenhouse Gases

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases and these are:

• Carbon dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil), solid waste, trees and wood products, and also as a result of certain chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement). Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere (or "sequestered") when it is absorbed by plants as part of the biological carbon cycle.
• Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.
• Nitrous oxide (N2O): Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.

CO2 emissions are the primary greenhouse gas emissions and they account (in 2015) for about 82.2 % of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. In 2015, CH4 accounted for 10 %, whereas N2O for 5 %.

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Bill Gates 'Discovers' 14-Year-Old Formula on Climate Change

Bill Gates has 'discovered' a formula that can reduce the world's carbon dioxide emissions to zero. The truth is that this equation is not 'new' and as Bill Gates has already explained it is not easy to put in action this equation, since an "energy miracle" is required.

Estimating carbon dioxide emissions from coal plants

The content of this article is about the method that should be used for the calculation of carbon dioxide emissions from coal plants. There is a brief analysis of the formula used for the calculation. In addition there is information about each factor used in the formula and also some values that should be used for each factor.

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